MATHEMATICS

1)   ALGEBRA

1. Functions: Typesoffunctions–Definitions-Inversefunctionsand Theorems-Domain,Range, Inverseof realvaluedfunctions.
2. Mathematical Induction:                                             Principle  of  Mathematical Induction                                       &Theorems                               -ApplicationsofMathematicalInduction – Problemson divisibility.
3. Matrices: Types of matrices – Scalar multiple of a matrix and multiplication of matrices -Transposeof amatrix–Determinants.AdjointandInverseofamatrix-ConsistencyandinconsistencyofEquations- Rankofamatrix – Solution of simultaneouslinearequations.
4. Complex Numbers: Complex number as an ordered pair ofreal numbers- fundamentaloperations-Representationofcomplexnumbersintheforma+ib-Modulusandamplitude of complex numbers –Illustrations – Geometrical and Polar Representation ofcomplexnumbersinArgandplane-Arganddiagram.
5. De Moivre’s Theorem: De Moivre’s theorem- Integral and Rational indices – n^th roots ofunity- GeometricalInterpretations – Illustrations.
6. QuadraticExpressions:Quadraticexpressions,equationsinonevariable-Signofquadratic expressions – Change in signs – Maximum and minimum values – Quadraticinequations.
7. Theory of Equations: The relation between the roots and coefficients in an equation -Solving the equations when two or more roots of it are connected by certain relation -Equation with real coefficients, occurrence of complex roots in conjugate pairs and itsconsequences-Transformationofequations- ReciprocalEquations.
8. PermutationsandCombinations:FundamentalPrincipleofcounting–linearandcircularpermutations-Permutationsof‘n’dissimilarthingstaken‘r’atatime-Permutationswhenrepetitionsallowed-Circularpermutations-Permutationswithconstraintrepetitions -Combinations-definitions, certain theorems.
9. Binomial Theorem: Binomial theorem for positive integral index – Binomial theorem forrational Index(without proof) -Approximations usingBinomial theorem.
10. Partial fractions: Partial fractions of f(x)/g(x) when g(x) contains non –repeated linearfactors – Partial fractions of f(x)/g(x) when g(x) contains repeated and/or non-repeatedlinear factors – Partial fractions of f(x)/g(x) when g(x) contains repeated and non-repeatedirreduciblefactorsonly.

2)    TRIGONOMETRY:

1. Trigonometric Ratios upto Transformations: Graphs and Periodicity of Trigonometricfunctions-Trigonometric ratios andCompoundangles.

Trigonometric ratios of multiple and sub- multiple angles – Transformations – Sum andProduct rules.

1. TrigonometricEquations:GeneralSolutionofTrigonometricEquations-SimpleTrigonometricEquations – Solutions.
2. InverseTrigonometricFunctions:ToreduceaTrigonometricFunctionintoabijection-GraphsofInverseTrigonometricFunctions-PropertiesofInverseTrigonometricFunctions.
3. HyperbolicFunctions:DefinitionofHyperbolicFunction–Graphs-DefinitionofInverseHyperbolicFunctions–Graphs-AdditionformulaeofHyperbolicFunctions.
4. Properties of Triangles: Relation between sides and angles of a Triangle – Sine, Cosine,Tangent and Projection rules.

Halfangleformulaeandareasofatriangle–IncircleandExcircleofaTriangle.

 

3)   VECTORALGEBRA:

1. AdditionofVectors:Vectorsasatriadofrealnumbers-Classificationofvectors-Addition of vectors – scalar multiplication – Angle between two non zero vectors. Linearcombinationofvectors-Componentofavectorinthreedimensions-Vectorequationsoflineand planeincluding their Cartesianequivalentforms.
2. ProductofVectors:ScalarProduct-GeometricalInterpretations-orthogonalprojections -Properties of dot product – Expression of dot product in i, j, k system -Angle between two vectors – Geometrical Vector methods – Vector equations of plane innormalform-Anglebetweentwoplanes.

Vector product of two vectors and properties – Vector product in i, j, k system – VectorAreas – scalar Triple Product.Vector equations of plane in different forms, skew lines,shortest distance and their Cartesian equivalents.Plane through the line of intersection oftwoplanes,conditionforcoplanarityoftwolines,perpendiculardistanceofapointfroma plane, angle between line and a plane.Cartesian equivalents of all these results – VectorTripleProduct– Results.

4)   PROBABILITY:

1. Measures of Dispersion – Range – Mean deviation – Variance and standard deviation ofungrouped/grouped data – Coefficient of variation and analysis of frequency distributionwith equalmeans butdifferentvariances.
2. Probability:Randomexperimentsandevents-Classicaldefinitionofprobability,Axiomatic approachandaddition theoremofprobability.

Independent and dependent events – conditional probability- multiplication theorem andBayee’stheorem.

1. Random Variables and Probability Distributions: Random Variables – Theoreticaldiscretedistributions – Binomial and Poisson Distributions.

 

5)  COORDINATEGEOMETRY:

1. Locus:Definitionoflocus–Illustrations-Tofindequationsoflocus-Problemsconnected to it.
2. Transformation of Axes: Transformation of axes – Rules, Derivations and Illustrations -Rotation of axes – Derivations–Illustrations.
3. The Straight Line: Revision of fundamental results -Straight line – Normal form –Illustrations – Straight line – Symmetric form – Straight line – Reduction into variousforms.

Intersection of two Straight Lines – Family of straight lines – Concurrent lines – ConditionforConcurrentlines-Anglebetweentwolines-Lengthofperpendicularfromapointtoa Line – Distance between two parallel lines – Concurrent lines – properties related to atriangle.

1. PairofStraightlines:Equationsofpairoflinespassingthroughorigin-anglebetweenapairoflines-Conditionforperpendicularandcoincidentlines,bisectorsofangles-Pairofbisectorsofangles-Pairoflines-seconddegreegeneralequation-Conditionsforparallellines-distancebetweenthem,Pointofintersectionofpairoflines-Homogenizinga seconddegree equation withafirst degreeequation inxandy.
2. Circle: Equation of circle -standard form-centre and radius of a circle with a given linesegment as diameter & equation of circle through three non collinear points – parametricequations of a circle – Position of a point in the plane of a circle – power of a point-definition of tangent-length of tangent. Position of a straight line in the plane of acircle-conditions for a line to be tangent – chord joining two points on a circle – equation of thetangent at a point on the circle- point of contact-equation of normal – Chord of contact -pole and polar-conjugate points and conjugate lines – equation ofchord with givenmiddle point. Relative position of two circles- circles touching each other externally,internally- common tangents –centers of similitude- equation of pair of tangents from anexternal point.

 

1. System of circles: Angle between two intersecting circles – Radical axis of two circles-properties-Commonchordandcommontangentoftwocircles–radicalcentre-Intersection of alineand aCircle.
2. Parabola: Conic sections –Parabola- equation of parabola in standard form-differentforms of parabola- parametric equations – Equations of tangent and normal at a point onthe parabola (Cartesianandparametric)-conditionsforstraightlinetobe atangent.
3. Ellipse: Equation of ellipse in standard form- Parametric equations – Equation of tangentand normal at a point on the ellipse (Cartesian and parametric)- condition for a straightlinetobeatangent.
4. Hyperbola: Equation of hyperbola in standard form- Parametric equations – Equations oftangent and normal at a point on the hyperbola (Cartesian and parametric)- conditions fora straightlinetobeatangent-Asymptotes.
5. ThreeDimensionalCoordinates:Coordinates-Sectionformulae-Centroidofatriangle and tetrahedron.
6. DirectionCosinesandDirectionRatios:DirectionCosines-DirectionRatios.
7. Plane:CartesianequationofPlane-SimpleIllustrations.

 

6)  CALCULUS:

1. Limits and Continuity: Intervals and neighbourhoods – Limits – Standard Limits –Continuity.
2. Differentiation:Derivativeofafunction-ElementaryProperties-Trigonometric,InverseTrigonometric,Hyperbolic,InverseHyperbolicFunction.

Derivatives-MethodsofDifferentiation-SecondOrderDerivatives.

1. ApplicationsofDerivatives:Errorsandapproximations-GeometricalInterpretationofa derivative- Equationsof tangentsandnormals -Lengths oftangent,normal,

sub tangent and sub normal. Angles between two curves and condition for orthogonalityof curves – Derivative as Rate of change – Rolle’s Theorem and Lagrange’s Mean valuetheorem without proofs and their geometrical interpretation. Increasing and decreasingfunctions- Maximaand Minima.

1. Integration:Integrationastheinverseprocessofdifferentiation-Standardforms

-properties of integrals – Method of substitution. Integration of Algebraic, exponential,logarithmic, trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions.Integration by parts –Integration – Partialfractionsmethod- Reduction formulae.

1. Definite Integrals: Definite Integral as the limit of sum – Interpretation of DefiniteIntegral as an area – Fundamental theorem of Integral Calculus – Properties – Reductionformulae.Applicationof Definiteintegraltoareas.
2. Differential equations: Formation of differential equation – Degree and order of anordinary differential equation. Solving differential equation by i) Variables separablemethod,ii)Homogeneousdifferentialequation,iii)Non -Homogeneousdifferentialequation,iv)Lineardifferentialequations.

 

BOTANY

1)  DIVERSITYINTHELIVINGWORLD:

The living world: What is living? Diversity in the living world; Taxonomic categories andtaxonomicalaids.

Biological Classification: Five kingdom classification – Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae andAnimalia,Threedomainsoflife(sixkingdomclassification),Viruses,Viroids,Prions&Lichens.

Science of plants – Botany: Origin, Development, Scope of Botany and Branches of Botany.PlantKingdom:Salientfeatures,classificationandalternationofgenerationsoftheplantsofthefollowinggroups-Algae,Bryophytes,Pteridophytes,GymnospermsandAngiosperms.

 

2)             STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN PLANTS- MORPHOLOGY:Morphology of flowering Plants

Vegetative:PartsofatypicalAngiospermicplant;Vegetativemorphologyandmodifications-Root, Stemand Leaf-types;Venation,Phyllotaxy.

Reproductive:Inflorescence-Racemose,Cymoseandspecialtypes.

Flower:Partsofaflowerandtheirdetaileddescription;Aestivation,Placentation.

Fruits:Types-True,Falseandparthenocarpicfruits.

 

3)  REPRODUCTIONINPLANTS:

ModesofReproduction:Asexualreproduction,binaryfission,Sporulation,budding,fragmentation,vegetativepropagationinplants,  Sexual reproduction, Overview ofangiospermlifecycle.

Sexual Reproductionin Flowering Plants:Stamen, microsporangium, pollen grain. Pistil,megasporangium (ovule)andembryosac;Developmentofmaleandfemale gametophytes.Pollination-Types,agents,OutbreedingdevicesandPollen-Pistilinteraction.DoubleFertilization; Post fertilisation events: Development ofendosperm and embryo; development ofseed, Structure ofDicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous seeds, Significance of fruit and seed.Specialmodes-Apomixis,parthenocarpy,polyembryony.

 

4)  PLANTSYSTEMATICS:

Taxonomy of angiosperms: Introduction. Types of Systems of classification.Semi- Technicaldescription of a typical flowering plant. Description of Families: Fabaceae, Solanaceae andLiliaceae.

 

CELLSTRUCTUREANDFUNCTION:

Cell – The Unit of Life: Cell- Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life- overview of the cell.ProkaryoticandEukaryoticcells,UltraStructureofPlantcell(structureindetailandfunctionsin brief), Cell membrane, Cell wall, Cell organelles: Endoplasmic reticulum, Mitochondria,Plastids,Ribosomes,Golgibodies,Vacuoles,Lysosomes,Microbodies,CentrosomeandCentriole,Cilia,Flagella,CytoskeletonandNucleus.Chromosomes:Number,structuralorganization;Nucleosome.

Biomolecules:StructureandfunctionofProteins,Carbohydrates,LipidsandNucleicacids.

CellcycleandCellDivision:Cellcycle,Mitosis,Meiosis-significance.

5)   INTERNALORGANISATIONOFPLANTS:

HistologyandAnatomyofFloweringPlants:Tissues-Types,structureandfunctions:Meristematic; Permanent tissues – Simple and Complex tissues. Tissue systems – Types, structureand function: Epidermal, Ground and Vascular tissue systems. Anatomy of Dicotyledonous andMonocotyledonousplants-Root,StemandLeaf.SecondarygrowthinDicotstemandDicotroot.

6)   PLANTECOLOGY:

EcologicalAdaptations,SuccessionandEcologicalServices:Introduction.Plantcommunities andEcological adaptations: Hydrophytes, Mesophytes and Xerophytes. Plantsuccession.Ecologicalservices-Carbonfixation,Oxygenreleaseand pollination(in brief).

 

7)     PLANTPHYSIOLOGY:

TransportinPlants:MeansofTransport-Diffusion,FacilitatedDiffusion,                              Passivesymports and antiports, Active Transport, Comparison of Different Transport Processes,Plant-Water Relations- Water Potential, Osmosis, Plasmolysis, Imbibition,LongDistanceTransportofWater–Water MovementupaPlant,RootPressure,Transpirationpull, Transpiration-Opening  and  Closing  of  Stomata, TranspirationandPhotosynthesis – a compromise,UptakeandTransport of Mineral Nutrients- Uptake of Mineral Ions, Translocation of MineralIons, Phloem transport: Flow from Source to Sink-The Pressure Flow or Mass Flow Hypothesis.Mineral Nutrition: Methods to Study the Mineral Requirements of Plants, Essential MineralElements-CriteriaforEssentiality,Macronutrients,Micronutrients,RoleofMacro-andMicronutrients,DeficiencySymptomsofEssentialElements,ToxicityofMicronutrients,Mechanismof Absorptionof Elements, Translocation of Solutes, Soil as Reservoir of EssentialElements,Metabolism of Nitrogen-Nitrogen Cycle, Biological Nitrogen Fixation, Symbioticnitrogenfixation, NoduleFormation.

Enzymes: ChemicalReactions,EnzymaticConversions,Natureof EnzymeAction, FactorsAffecting  Enzyme  Activity, Temperature  and  pH,  Concentration of Substrate,Classificationand NomenclatureofEnzymes, Co-factors.

Photosynthesis in Higher Plants: EarlyExperiments,Site ofPhotosynthesis,Pigmentsinvolved in Photosynthesis, LightReaction,The ElectronTransport-Splittingof   Water,Cyclic and Noncyclic Photo-phosphorylation, Chemiosmotic Hypothesis, Biosyntheticphase-ThePrimaryAcceptorofCO₂,The Calvin Cycle, The C4 Pathway, Photorespiration, Factorsaffecting Photosynthesis.

Respiration of Plants: Cellularrespiration,Glycolysis,Fermentation,Aerobic Respiration -TricarboxylicAcidCycle,ElectronTransport System (ETS) and Oxidative Phosphorylation,The RespiratoryBalanceSheet,AmphibolicPathway,RespiratoryQuotient.

PlantGrowthand Development:Growth-PlantGrowth,Phasesof  Growth,  GrowthRates,

ConditionsforGrowth,Differentiation,DedifferentiationandRedifferentiation,Development,  Plant  Growth Regulators-  Discovery, Physiological  effects  of   PlantGrowth Regulators,Auxins,Gibberellins,Cytokinins,Ethylene, Abscisicacid, SeedDormancy,Photoperiodism,Vernalisation.

 

8)    MICROBIOLOGY:

Bacteria: Morphology of Bacteria, Bacterial cell structure – Nutrition, Reproduction-SexualReproduction,Conjugation,Transformation,Transduction,TheimportanceofBacteriatoHumans.

Viruses: Discovery,ClassificationofViruses,structureof Viruses, Multiplication ofBacteriophages–Thelyticcycle,TheLysogenicCycle,ViraldiseasesinPlants,ViraldiseasesinHumans.

 

9)   GENETICS:

Principles of Inheritance and Variation: Mendel’sExperiments,Inheritanceofonegene(MonohybridCross)-BackcrossandTestcross,Lawof Dominance, Law of Segregation orLaw of purity of gametes, DeviationsfromMendelianconceptof dominance – IncompleteDominance, Co-dominance, Explanation of the concept of dominance, Inheritance of two genes-(Dihybrid Cross) Law of IndependentAssortment,ChromosomalTheoryof Inheritance,LinkageandRecombination,Mutations,Significanceof mutations.

 

10)   MOLECULARBIOLOGY:

Molecular Basis of inheritance: The DNA- Structure of Polynucleotide Chain, Packaging ofDNAHelix,TheSearchforGeneticMaterial, Transforming Principle, BiochemicalCharacterisationofTransformingPrinciple,TheGeneticMaterialisDNA,PropertiesofGeneticMaterial (DNA versusRNA), RNA World, Replication – The Experimental Proof, TheMachineryand theEnzymes.

Transcription-Transcription Unit, Transcription Unit and the Gene, Types of RNA andtheprocess of Transcription. Genetic Code-Mutations and Genetic Code, tRNA- the AdapterMolecule,Translation,Regulation ofGeneExpression-The Lac operon.

 

11)   Biotechnology:

Principlesandprocesses of Biotechnology: PrinciplesofBiotechnology-Constructionofthefirst artificial recombinantDNA molecule, Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology-RestrictionEnzymes,CloningVectors,CompetentHost(ForTransformationwithRecombinant DNA), Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology-IsolationoftheGeneticMaterial (DNA), CuttingofDNAatSpecificLocations,Separationand isolation of DNAfragments, Insertion of isolated gene into a suitable vector, Amplification of Gene of Interestusing PCR,Insertion of Recombinant DNA into the Host, Cell/Organism,SelectionofTransformedhostcells, Obtainingthe Foreign Gene Product, Downstream Processing.Biotechnology and its applications: Biotechnological ApplicationsinAgriculture-Bt Cotton,PestResistantPlants,Otherapplications   of Biotechnology – Insulin,  Gene therapy,Molecular Diagnosis, ELISA, DNA fingerprinting, Transgenic plants, Bio-safety and Ethicalissues-Biopiracy.

 

12)   PLANTS,MICROBESANDHUMANWELFARE:

Strategiesforenhancementinfoodproduction:PlantBreeding-WhatisPlantBreeding?,WheatandRice,Sugarcane,Millets,PlantBreedingforDiseaseResistance,Methods ofbreedingfordiseaseresistance,Mutation, Plant Breeding for Developing Resistance to InsectPests, PlantBreedingforImprovedFoodQuality,  Single   Cell Protein (SCP), TissueCulture.

Microbes in Human Welfare: MicrobesinHouseholdProducts,MicrobesinIndustrialProducts-FermentedBeverages,Antibiotics,Chemicals, EnzymesandotherBioactiveMolecules,Microbesin SewageTreatment,Primarytreatment,Secondary treatment orBiological treatment, Microbes in Production ofBiogas,MicrobesasBiocontrolAgents,Biologicalcontrolofpestsanddiseases,MicrobesasBiofertilisers,ChallengesposedbyMicrobes.

 

ZOOLOGY

1)     ZOOLOGY-DiversityofLivingWorld:

Whatislife?;Nature,Scope&meaningofzoology;BranchesofZoology;Needforclassification-Zoos astoolsfor classification;Basicprinciplesof Classification: Biologicalsystem of classification- (Phylogenetic classification only); Levels or Hierarchy of classification;Nomenclature -Bi&Trinominal; Speciesconcept;KingdomAnimalia;

Biodiversity-Meaninganddistribution,Geneticdiversity,Speciesdiversity,Ecosystemdiversity(alpha,betaandgama),otherattributesofbiodiversity,roleofbiodiversity,threatstobiodiversity,methods of conservation,IUCNReddata books,Conservationofwildlife inIndia

-Legislation,Preservation,Organizations,Threatenedspecies.

 

2)   STRUCTURALORGANIZATIONINANIMALS:

Levels of organization, Multicellularity: Diploblastic & Triploblastic conditions; Asymmetry,Symmetry:Radialsymmetry,andBilateralsymmetry(Briefaccountgivingoneexampleforeach type from the representative phyla); Acoelomates, Pseudocoelomates and Eucoelomates:Schizo&Entero coelomates(Brief accountofformationof coelom)

Tissues:Epithelial,Connective,MuscularandNervoustissues.(makeitalittlemoreelaborative)

 

3)  ANIMALDIVERSITY-I :INVERTEBRATEPHYLA:

GeneralCharacters–(Strictlyrestrictto8salientfeaturesonlyClassificationuptoClasseswithtwo or three examples – Brief account only). Porifera; Cnidaria; Ctenophora; Platyhelminthes;Nematoda

Annelida(IncludeEarthwormasatypestudystrictlyadheringtoNCERTtextbook);Arthropoda; Mollusca;Echinodermata;Hemichordata.

 

4) ANIMALDIVERSITY-II:PHYLUM:CHORDATA

GeneralCharacters–(Strictlyrestrictto8pointsonlyClassificationuptoClasses-Briefaccountonlywithtwoorthreeexamples).Phylum:Chordata;Subphylum:Urochordata;Subphylum: Cephalochordata; Sub phylum : Vertebrata; Super class: Agnatha, Class Cyclostomata;Superclass:Gnathostomata-Superclasspisces,Class:Chondricthyes,Class:Osteichthyes;Tetrapoda:Class:Amphibia(IncludeFrogasa                                                                            typestudystrictlyadheringtoNCERTtextbook),Class: Reptilia, Class:Aves, Class:Mammalia.

5)    LOCOMOTION&REPRODUCTIONINPROTOZOA:

Locomotion:Definition, types of locomotor structures pseudopodia (basic idea of pseudopodiawithout going into differenttypes), flagella&cilia (Briefaccountgivingtwoexampleseach); Flagellar&Ciliary movement – Effective & Recovery strokesinEuglena, Synchronal&Metachronal movements in Paramecium

Reproduction:Definition,types.AsexualReproduction:TranseversebinaryfissioninParamecium&Longitudinalbinary fissioninEuglena.Multiplefission, SexualReproduction.

 

6)   BIOLOGY&HUMANWELFARE:

Parasitismandparasiticadaptation;Healthanddisease:introduction(followNCERT);Lifecycle,Pathogenecity,Treatment&Prevention(Briefaccountonly)1.Entamoebahistolytica,2.Plasmodiumvivax,                            3.Ascarislumbricoides,4.Wuchereriabancrofti;Brief                  account                            ofpathogenecity,treatment& prevention of Typhoid, Pneumonia, Common cold, & Ring wormDrugsandAlcoholabsuse(TDA).

 

7)   TYPESTUDYOFPERIPLANETAAMERICANA:

Habitat and habits; External features; Locomotion,Digestivesystem;Respiratorysystem;Circulatory systemExcretory system; Nervous system – sense organs, structure of ommatidium;Reproductive system.

 

8)  ECOLOGY&ENVIRONMENT:

OrganismsandEnvironment:Ecology,population,communities,habitat,niche,biomeandecosphere(definitionsonly);Ecosystem:Elementaryaspectsonly,Abioticfactors-Light,Temperature &Water (Biologicaleffectsonly)

Ecologicaladaptations;              Populationinteractions;Ecosystems:Types,Components,Lakeecosystem; Food chains, Food web, Productivity and Energy flow in Ecosystem, Ecologicalpyramids – Pyramids of numbers, biomass and energy; Nutritient cycling – Carbon, Nitrogen &Phosphorous cycles (Brief account); Population attributes: Growth, Natality and Mortality, Agedistribution, Populationregulation, Environmentalissues.

 

9) HUMANANATOMYANDPHYSIOLOGY-I:

Digestion and absorption: Alimentary canal and digestive glands; Physiology of digestion andgastrointestinalhormones;Peristalsis,digestion,absorption andassimilationofproteins,carbohydratesandfats,egestion, Calorific value of proteins, carbohydrates and fats(for boxitem-nottobeevaluated);Disordersofdigestivesystem,indigestion,constipation,vomiting,jaundice,diarrhea.

BreathingandRespiration: Respiratoryorgansinanimals;Respiratorysysteminhumans;Mechanismofbreathinganditsregulationinhumans-Exchangeofgases,transportofgasesandregulationofrespirationmovements,Respiratoryvolumes;Respiratory disorders: Asthma, Emphysema, Bronchitis, Pneunomia, Occupational respiratorydisorders-Asbestosis,Silicosis,Siderosis,BlackLung Disease incoal mine workers.

10)  HUMANANATOMYANDPHYSIOLOGY-II:

Body Fluids and Circulation: Covered in I year composition of lymph and functions; Clottingof blood; Human circulatory system – structure of human heart and bloodvessels;   Cardiaccycle,cardiacoutput,doublecirculation, circulatory pathways, Portal circulation and coronarycirculation;regulationofcardiacactivity;Disordersofcirculatorysystem:Hypertension,coronaryarterydisease,anginapectoris,heart failure.

Excretoryproductsandtheirelimination:Modesofexcretion-Ammonotelism,Ureotelism,Uricotelism, Excretory organs; Human excretory system – structure of kidney andnephron; Urine formation, osmoregulation; Regulation of kidney function -Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system, Atrial Natriuretic Factor, ADH anddiabetesinsipidus;Roleofotherorgansinexcretion; Disorders: Uraemia, renal failure, renal calculi, glomerular nephritis,dialysisusingartificialkidney,and kidneytransplantation.

 

11)  HUMANANATOMYANDPHYSIOLOGY-III:

MuscularandSkeletalsystem:Skeletalmuscle-ultrastructure;Contractileproteins&Mechanism ofmuscle contraction, muscle fatigue, types of muscle fibres,Skeletalsystemanditsfunctions;Joints. (to be dealt with relevance to practical syllabus); Disorders of the muscularandskeletalsystem:myastheniagravis,tetany, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis,gout.

Neural control and co-ordination: Nervoussysteminhumanbeings – Central nervoussystem, Peripheral   nervoussystem   and Somatic and autonomic neural  system; Generationandconductionofnerveimpulse;Reflexaction; Sensoryperception;Senseorgans;Briefdescriptionofother receptors; Elementary structure and functioning   of eye and ear, disordersofhumanneuralsystem.

12)   HUMANANATOMYANDPHYSIOLOGY-IV:

Endocrine system and chemical co-ordination Endocrineglandsandhormones;Humanendocrine system -Hypothalamus,Pituitary,Pineal,Thyroid,Parathyroid, Thymus gland,Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads; Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary idea only), hormones ofkidney,heartandgastrointestinaltract,Role ofhormonesasmessengersandregulators

Hypo and Hyper activity and related disorders: Common disorders -Dwarfism, acromegaly,cretinism,goiter,exophthalmicgoiter,diabetes,Addison’sdisease,Cushing’ssyndrome.(Diseases&disorders tobedealtin brief).

Immunesystem:Basic conceptsof Immunology – Typesof Immunity- InnateImmunity,Acquired  Immunity,  Active  and  Passive  Immunity,  Cell  mediated Immunity andHumoral Immunity,Cells of immune system, organs of immune system, soluble mediators ofimmunity and immunologicaldisorders.

 

13)   HUMANREPRODUCTION:

Human Reproductive System: Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy oftestis & ovary; Gametogenesis, Spermatogenesis & Oogenesis; Menstrualcycle;Fertilization,Embryodevelopmentupto blastocystformation,Implantation;Pregnancy,placentaformation,Parturition, Lactation(elementaryidea).

Reproductive Health:Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitteddiseases(STD); Birth control- Need and methods, contraception andmedicalterminationofpregnancy (MTP);Amniocentesis; infertilityandassistedreproductivetechnologies -IVF-ET,ZIFT,GIFT(elementary ideaforgeneralawareness).

 

14)  GENETICS:

Heredityandvariation:Mendel’slawsofinheritancewithreferencetoDrosophila.(DrosophilamelanogasterGrey, Black body colour;Long, Vestigial wings), Pleiotropy; Multiple alleles:Inheritance ofbloodgroupsandRh-factor;Codominance(Bloodgroupsasexample)

Elementaryideaofpolygenicinheritance;Skincolourinhumans.Sexdetermination–inhumans,birds,Fumeamoth,GenicbalancetheoryofsexdeterminationinDrosophilamelanogasterandhoneybees,Sexlinkedinheritance–Haemophilia,Colourblindness;Mendeliandisordersinhumans:Thalassemia,Haemophilia,Sicklecelledanaemia,cystiefibrosisPKU,Alkaptonuria;Chromosomaldisorders–Down’ssyndrome,Turner’ssyndromeandKlinefeltersyndrome;Genome,HumanGenomeProjectandDNA FingerPrinting.

 

15)  ORGANICEVOLUTION:

Origin of Life, Biological evolution and Evidences for biological evolution(palaeontological,comparativeanatomical,embryological and molecularevidences)

Theories of evolution: Lamarckism(inbrief),Darwin’stheoryof  Evolution-NaturalSelectionwithexample (Kettlewell’sexperimentsonBistonbitularia), Mutation Theory ofHugoDeVries; Modernsynthetic theory of Evolution

Hardy Weinberg law, Evolutionary forces, Types of Natural Selection;Gene flow and geneticdrift;Human evolution;Speciation -Allopatric,sympatric; Reproductiveisolation.

 

16)  APPLIEDBIOLOGY:

Beekeeping, Animal Husbandry: Fishery management, Poultry management, Dairy management;Animal breeding, Bio-medical Technology: Diagnostic Imaging (X-ray, CTscan, MRI), ECG,EEG, Application ofBiotechnology in health: Human insulin and vaccine production; GeneTherapy;Transgenicanimals;ELISA;Vaccines,MABs,Cancerbiology,stemcells.

 

PHYSICS

• PHYSICALWORLD:Whatisphysics?,ScopeandexcitementofPhysics,Physics,technologyandsociety, Fundamentalforcesinnature,GravitationalForce,ElectromagneticForce, Strong Nuclear Force, Weak Nuclear Force, Towards Unification of Forces, Nature ofphysicallaws.
• UNITSANDMEASUREMENTS:Introduction,Theinternationalsystemofunits,Measurement of Length, Measurement of Large Distances, Estimation of Very Small Distances:Size of a Molecule, Range of Lengths, Measurement of Mass, Range of Masses, Measurementof time , Accuracy, precision of instruments and errors in measurement, Systematic errors,randomerrors,leastcounterror,AbsoluteError,RelativeErrorandPercentageError,Combination of Errors, Significant figures, Rules for Arithmetic Operations with SignificantFigures, Rounding off the Uncertain Digits, Rules for Determining the Uncertainty in the ResultsofArithmeticCalculations,DimensionsofPhysicalQuantities,DimensionalFormulaeanddimensional equations, Dimensional Analysis and its Applications, Checking the DimensionalConsistency ofEquations, DeducingRelation among the PhysicalQuantities.
• MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE: Introduction, Position, path length and displacement,Average velocity and average speed, Instantaneous velocity and speed, Acceleration, Kinematicequationsfor uniformlyacceleratedmotion, Relativevelocity.
• MOTIONIN A PLANE:Introduction,Scalarsandvectors,PositionandDisplacementVectors,EqualityofVectors,Multiplicationofvectorsbyrealnumbers,Additionandsubtractionof vectors – graphical method, Resolution of vectors,Vector addition – analytical method,Motion in a plane, Position Vector and Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration, Motion in a planewith constant acceleration, Relative velocity in two dimensions. Projectile motion, Equation ofpath of a projectile, Time of Maximum height, Maximum height of a projectile, Horizontal rangeofprojectile, Uniformcircular motion.
• LAWSOFMOTION:Introduction,Aristotle’sfallacy,Thelawofinertia,Newton’sfirstlawofmotion,Newton’ssecondlawofmotion,Newton’sthirdlawofmotion,Impulse,Conservation of momentum, Equilibrium of a particle, Common forces in mechanics, friction,Circular motion, Motion of a car on a level road, Motion of a car on a Banked road, Solvingproblemsin mechanics.
• WORK, ENERGY AND POWER: Introduction, The Scalar Product, Notions of work andkineticenergy:Thework-energytheorem,Work,Kineticenergy,Workdonebyavariableforce,Thework-energytheoremforavariableforce,TheconceptofPotentialEnergy,Theconservation of Mechanical Energy, The Potential Energy of a spring, Various forms of energy:thelawofconservationofenergy,Heat,ChemicalEnergy,ElectricalEnergy,TheEquivalenceofMass and Energy, Nuclear Energy, The Principle of Conservation of Energy, Power, Collisions,Elastic and Inelastic Collisions, Collisions in one dimension, Coefficient of Restitution and itsdetermination, Collisions inTwo Dimensions.
• SYSTEMS OF PARTICLES AND ROTATIONAL MOTION: Introduction, What kind ofmotion can a rigid body have?, Centre of mass, Centre of Gravity, Motion of centre of mass,Linear momentum of a system of particles, Vector product of two vectors,Angular velocity andits relation with linear velocity, Angular acceleration, Kinematics of rotational motion about afixed axis, Torque and angular momentum, Moment of force (Torque), Angular momentum ofparticle, Torque and angular momentum for a system of a particles, conservation of angularmomentum, Equilibrium of a rigid body, Principle of moments, Moment of inertia, Theorems ofperpendicularandparallelaxes,Theoremofperpendicularaxes,Theoremofparallelaxes,Dynamicsofrotationalmotionaboutafixedaxis, Angularmomentumincaseofrotationsabouta fixed axis, Conservation of Angular Momentum, Rolling motion, Kinetic Energy of RollingMotion.
• OSCILLATIONS: Introduction, Periodic and oscillatory motions, Period and frequency,Displacement, Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.), Simple harmonic motion and uniform circularmotion, Velocity and acceleration in simple harmonic motion, Force law for Simple harmonicMotion, Energy in simple harmonic motion, Some systems executing Simple Harmonic Motion,Oscillations due to a spring, The Simple Pendulum, Damped simple harmonic motion, Forcedoscillationsand resonance.
• GRAVITATION:Introduction,Kepler’slaws,Universallawofgravitation,Thegravitationalconstant, Acceleration due to gravity of the earth, Acceleration due to gravity below and abovethe surface of earth, Gravitational potential energy, Escape speed, Earth satellite, Energy of anorbitingsatellite,Geostationaryand polar satellites,Weightlessness.
• MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS: Introduction,Elastic behaviour of solids,Stressandstrain,Hooke’slaw,Stress-straincurve,Elasticmoduli,Young’sModulus,Determination of Young’s Modulus of the Material of a Wire, Shear Modulus, Bulk Modulus,Poisson’sRatio,Applicationsof elastic behaviour ofmaterials.
• MECHANICAL PROPERTIESOFFLUIDS:Introduction,Pressure,Pascal’sLaw,VariationofPressurewithDepth,AtmospherePressureandGaugePressure,HydraulicMachines, Streamline flow, Bernoulli’s principle, Speed of Efflux: Torricelli’s Law, Venturi-meter, Blood Flow and Heart Attack, Dynamic Lift, Viscosity,Variation of Viscosity of fluidswith temperature, Stokes’ Law, Reynolds number, Surface tension, Surface Energy, SurfaceEnergy and Surface Tension, Angle of Contact, Drops and Bubbles, Capillary Rise, Detergentsand SurfaceTension.
• THERMALPROPERTIESOFMATTER:Introduction,Temperatureandheat,Measurement of temperature, Ideal-gas equation and absolute temperature,Thermal expansion,Specific heat capacity, Calorimetry, Change of state, Regelation, Latent Heat, Heat transfer,Conduction, thermal conductivity, Convection, Radiation, Black body Radiation, GreenhouseEffect,Newton’slaw of cooling.
• THERMODYNAMICS:Introduction,Thermalequilibrium,Zerothlawofthermodynamics, Heat, Internal Energy and work, First law of thermodynamics, Specific heatcapacity, Thermodynamic state variables and equation of State,Thermodynamic process, Quasi-static process, Isothermal Process, Adiabatic Process, Isochoric Process, Isobaric process, Cyclicprocess,Heatengines,Refrigeratorsandheatpumps,Secondlawofthermodynamics,Reversibleand irreversibleprocesses,Carnotengine,Carnot’stheorem.
• KINETIC THEORY: Introduction,Molecular natureof matter, Behaviour of gases,Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law, Kinetic theory of an ideal gas, Pressure of an Ideal Gas,Law ofequipartition of energy, Specific heat capacity, Monatomic Gases, Diatomic Gases, PolyatomicGases,SpecificHeatCapacityofSolids,SpecificHeatCapacityofWater,Meanfreepath.
• WAVES:Introduction,Transverseandlongitudinalwaves,Displacementrelationinaprogressive wave, The speed of a travelling wave, The principle of superposition of waves,Reflectionof waves, Beats,Dopplereffect.
• RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS: Introduction, Reflection of Light bySpherical Mirrors, Refraction, Total Internal Reflection, Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and byLenses, Refraction through a Prism,Dispersion by a Prism, Some Natural Phenomena due toSunlight, OpticalInstruments.
• WAVE OPTICS: Introduction, Huygens Principle, Refraction and reflection of plane wavesusing Huygens Principle, Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves, Interference of LightWavesandYoung’sExperiment,Diffraction,Polarisation.
• ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS: Introduction, Electric Charges, Conductors andInsulators, Charging by Induction, Basic Properties of Electric Charge, Coulomb’s Law, Forcesbetween Multiple Charges, Electric Field, Electric Field Lines, Electric Flux, Electric Dipole,Dipole in a Uniform External Field, Continuous Charge Distribution, Gauss’s Law, ApplicationofGauss’sLaw.
• ELECTROSTATICPOTENTIAL ANDCAPACITANCE:Introduction,ElectrostaticPotential, Potential due to a Point Charge, Potential due to an Electric Dipole, Potential due to aSystem of Charges, Equipotential Surfaces,Potential Energy of a System of Charges, PotentialEnergyinanExternalField,ElectrostaticsofConductors,DielectricsandPolarisation,Capacitors and Capacitance, The Parallel Plate Capacitor, Effect of Dielectric on Capacitance,CombinationofCapacitors,EnergyStoredinaCapacitor,VandeGraaffGenerator.
• CURRENTELECTRICITY:Introduction,ElectricCurrent,ElectricCurrentsinConductors, Ohm’s law, Drift of Electrons and the Origin of Resistivity, Limitations of Ohm’sLaw, Resistivity of various Materials, Temperature Dependence of Resistivity, Electrical Energy,Power, Combination of Resistors — Series and Parallel, Cells, emf, Internal Resistance, Cells inSeriesandinParallel,Kirchhoff’sLaws,WheatstoneBridge, MeterBridge,Potentiometer.
• MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM: Introduction, Magnetic Force,Motion in aMagnetic Field, Motion in Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields, Magnetic Field due to aCurrent Element, Biot-Savart Law, Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop,Ampere’s Circuital Law, The Solenoid and the Toroid, Force between Two Parallel Currents, theAmpere,TorqueonCurrentLoop,MagneticDipole,TheMovingCoilGalvanometer.
• MAGNETISM AND MATTER: Introduction, The Bar Magnet, Magnetism and Gauss’sLaw, The Earth’s Magnetism, Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity, Magnetic Properties ofMaterials,PermanentMagnets and Electromagnets.
• ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION: Introduction, The Experiments of Faraday andHenry, Magnetic Flux, Faraday’s Law of Induction, Lenz’s Law and Conservation of Energy,Motional ElectromotiveForce, EnergyConsideration: A QuantitativeStudy, Eddy Currents,Inductance,ACGenerator.
• ALTERNATINGCURRENT:Introduction,ACVoltageAppliedtoaResistor,Representation of AC Current and Voltage by Rotating Vectors — Phasors, AC Voltage Appliedto an Inductor, AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor, AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit,PowerinACCircuit:ThePowerFactor,LCOscillations,Transformers.
• ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES: Introduction, Displacement Current, ElectromagneticWaves,ElectromagneticSpectrum.
• DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER: Introduction, Electron Emission,Photoelectric Effect, Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect, Photoelectric Effect and WaveTheoryofLight,Einstein’s PhotoelectricEquation:EnergyQuantumofRadiation,ParticleNatureofLight:ThePhoton,WaveNatureofMatter,DavissonandGermerExperiment.
• ATOMS: Introduction, Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom,Atomic Spectra, Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom, The Line Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom,DeBroglie’sExplanationofBohr’sSecond PostulateofQuantisation.
• NUCLEI: Introduction, Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus, Size of the Nucleus,Mass-EnergyandNuclearBindingEnergy,NuclearForce,Radioactivity,NuclearEnergy.
• SEMICONDUCTORELECTRONICS:MATERIALS,DEVICESANDSIMPLECIRCUITS: Introduction, Classification of Materials: Metals, Semiconductors and Insulators,IntrinsicSemiconductor,ExtrinsicSemiconductor,p-nJunction,Semiconductordiode,Application of Junction Diode as a Rectifier, Special Purpose p-n Junction Diodes, JunctionTransistor,Digital Electronics andLogic Gates, IntegratedCircuits.
• COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS: Introduction, Elements of a Communication System,BasicTerminologyUsedinElectronicCommunicationSystems,BandwidthofSignals,Bandwidth of Transmission Medium, Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves, Modulation and itsNecessity, AmplitudeModulation,Productionof AmplitudeModulatedWave,DetectionofAmplitude ModulatedWave.

 

CHEMISTRY

• ATOMIC STRUCTURE: Introduction; Sub- atomic particles; Atomic models – Thomson’sModel; Rutherford’s Nuclear model of atom, Drawbacks; Developments to the Bohr’s model ofatom; Nature of electromagnetic radiation; Particle nature of electromagnetic radiation- Planck’squantum theory; Bohr’s model for Hydrogen atom; Explanation of line spectrum of hydrogen;Limitations of Bohr’s model; Quantum mechanical considerations of sub atomic particles;Dual behaviour of matter; Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle; Quantum mechanical model of anatom.ImportantfeaturesofQuantummechanicalmodelofatom;Orbitalsandquantumnumbers; Shapes of atomic orbitals; Energies of orbitals; Filling of orbitals in atoms. AufbauPrinciple,Pauli’s exclusionPrincipleandHund’s ruleofmaximummultiplicity;Electronicconfigurationsofatoms;Stabilityof half filledandcompletely filledorbitals.
• CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES: Need toclassifyelements; Genesisof periodicclassification; Modern periodiclawand present form ofthe periodic table; Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100; Electronicconfiguration of elements and the periodic table; Electronic configuration and types of elementss,p,d.and f blocks; Trends in physical properties: (a) Atomic radius, (b) Ionic radius (c)Variationofsize ininner transitionelements,(d)Ionization enthalpy,(e)Electrongain enthalpy,

(f)Electronegativity;Periodictrendsinchemicalproperties:(a)ValenceorOxidationstates,

(b) Anomalous properties of second period elements – diagonal relationship; Periodic trends andchemicalreactivity.

• CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE: Kossel – Lewis approach tochemical bonding, Octet rule, Representation of simple molecules, formal charges, limitations ofoctet rule; Ionic or electrovalent bond – Factors favourable for the formation of ionic compounds-Crystal structure of sodium chloride, Lattice enthalpy; General properties of ionic compounds;BondParameters-bondlength,bondangle,andbondenthalpy,bondorder,resonance-Polarityofbondsdipolemoment;ValenceShellElectronPairRepulsion(VSEPR)theories;Predictingthe geometry of simple molecules; Valence bond theory-Orbital overlap concept-Directionalpropertiesofbonds-overlappingofatomicorbitalsstrengthofsigmaandpibonds-Factorsfavouringtheformationofcovalentbonds;Hybridisation-differenttypesofhybridizationinvolving s, p and d orbitals- shapes of simple covalent molecules; Coordinate bond -definitionwithexamples;Molecularorbitaltheory-Formationofmolecularorbitals,Linearcombinationofatomicorbitals(LCAO)-conditionsforcombinationofatomicorbitals-Energyleveldiagrams for molecular orbitals -Bonding in some homo nuclear diatomic molecules- H₂, He₂,Li₂, B₂, C₂, N₂ and O₂; Hydrogen bonding-cause of formation of hydrogen bond – Types ofhydrogen bonds-interand intramolecular-Generalpropertiesof hydrogenbonds.
• STATES OF MATTER: GASES AND LIQUIDS: Intermolecular forces; Thermal Energy;Intermolecular forces Vs Thermal interactions; The Gaseous State; The Gas Laws; Ideal gasequation; Graham’s lawof diffusion – Dalton’s Lawof partial pressures; Kinetic moleculartheory of gases; Kinetic gas equation of an ideal gas (No derivation) deduction of gas laws fromKinetic gas equation; Distribution of molecular speeds – rms, average and most probable speeds-Kinetic energy of gas molecules;Behaviour of real gases – Deviation from Ideal gas behaviour -Compressibility factor vsPressure diagrams of real gases; Liquefaction of gases; Liquid State -Properties of Liquids in terms of Inter molecular interactions – Vapour pressure, Viscosity andSurface tension(Qualitativeideaonly.No mathematical derivation).
• STOICHIOMETRY:Somebasicconcepts-Propertiesofmatter-uncertaintyinMeasurement-significant figures, dimensional analysis; Laws of Chemical Combinations – LawofConservationofMass,LawofDefiniteProportions,LawofMultipleProportions,GayLussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes, Dalton’s Atomic Theory, Avogadro’s Law, Atomic andmolecular masses- mole concept and molar mass. Concept of equivalent weight; Percentagecomposition of compounds and calculations of empirical and molecular formulae of compounds;Stoichiometryandstoichiometriccalculations;Methodsofexpressingconcentrationsofsolutions-masspercent,molefraction,molarity,molalityandnormality;Redoxreactions-classical idea of redox reactions, oxidation and reduction reactions-redox reactions in terms ofelectrontransfer;Oxidationnumberconcept;TypesofRedoxreactions-combination,decomposition, displacement and disproportionation reactions; Balancing of redox reactions -oxidationnumbermethod,Halfreaction(ion-electron)method;RedoxreactionsinTitrimetry.

 

• THERMODYNAMICS: Thermodynamic Terms; The system and the surroundings; Types ofsystemsandsurroundings;Thestateofthesystem;TheInternalEnergyasaStateFunction.

(a) Work (b) Heat (c) The general case, the first law of Thermodynamics; Applications; Work;Enthalpy,                H- a useful new state function; Extensive and intensive properties; Heat capacity;                                                      TherelationshipbetweenC_pandC_v;MeasurementofUandH:Calorimetry;Enthalpychange,

_rH of reactions – reaction Enthalpy (a) Standard enthalpy of reactions, (b) Enthalpy changesduringtransformations,(c)Standardenthalpyofformation,(d)Thermochemicalequations

(e)Hess’slawofconstantheatsummation;Enthalpiesfordifferenttypesofreactions.                           (a)

Standard enthalpy of combustion (∆_cH^), (b) Enthalpy of atomization (∆_aH^), phase transition, sublimationandionization,(c)BondEnthalpy(∆_bondH^),(d)Enthalpyofsolution(∆_solH^)and dilution;Spontaneity.(a)Isdecreaseinenthalpyacriterionforspontaneity?                  (b)Entropyand spontaneity, the second law of thermodynamics, (c) Gibbs Energy and spontaneity; GibbsEnergychangeandequilibrium;Absoluteentropyandthethird lawofthermodynamics.

 

7)      CHEMICALEQUILIBRIUMANDACIDS-BASES:

CHEMICALEQUILIBRIUM:EquilibriuminPhysicalprocess;Equilibriuminchemicalprocess-DynamicEquilibrium;LawofchemicalEquilibrium-LawofmassactionandEquilibriumconstant;Homogeneous;Equilibria,Equilibriumconstantingaseoussystems.RelationshipbetweenK_PandK_c;HeterogeneousEquilibria;ApplicationsofEquilibriumconstant; Relationship between Equilibrium constant K, reaction quotient Q and Gibbs energy G;Factors affecting Equilibria.-Le-chatlier principle application to industrial synthesis of Ammoniaand Sulphurtrioxide;IonicEquilibriuminsolutions

ACIDS,BASES AND SALTS:Acids, bases and salts- Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewisconcepts of acids and bases; Ionisation of Acids and Bases -Ionisation constant of water and itsionic product- pH scale-ionisation constants of weak acids-ionisation of weak bases-relationbetween K_a and K_b-Di and poly basic acids and di and poly acidic Bases-Factors affecting acidstrength-Common ion effect in the ionization of acids and bases-Hydrolysis of salts and pH oftheirsolutions;Buffersolutions-designingofbuffersolution-PreparationofAcidicbuffer;Solubility Equilibria of sparingly soluble salts.Solubility product, Common ion effect onsolubility of salts.

• HYDROGENANDITSCOMPOUNDS:Positionofhydrogenintheperiodictable;Dihydrogen-Occurence and Isotopes; Preparation and properties of Dihydrogen; Hydrides: Ionic,covalent and non-stiochiometric hydrides; Water: Physical properties; structure of water, ice.Chemical properties of water; hard and soft water, Temporary and permanent hardness of water;Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation; Physical properties; structure and chemical properties; storageand uses;HeavyWater;Hydrogen asafuel.

 

9)             THEs-BLOCKELEMENTS(ALKALIANDALKALINEEARTHMETALS)

Group1Elements:Alkalimetals;Electronicconfigurations;AtomicandIonicradii;Ionization enthalpy; Hydration enthalpy; Physical properties; Chemical properties; Uses; Generalcharacteristics of the compounds of the alkali metals: Oxides; Halides; Salts of oxo Acids;Anomalous properties of Lithium: Differences and similarities with other alkali metals, Diagonalrelationship;similaritiesbetweenLithiumandMagnesium;SomeimportantcompoundsofSodium: Sodium Carbonate; Sodium Chloride; Sodium Hydroxide; Sodium hydrogen carbonate;Biologicalimportanceof SodiumandPotassium.

Group2Elements:Alkalineearthelements;Electronicconfiguration;Ionizationenthalpy;Hydration enthalpy; Physical properties, Chemical properties; Uses; General characteristics ofcompoundsoftheAlkalineEarthMetals:Oxides,hydroxides,halides,saltsofoxoacids(Carbonates;SulphatesandNitrates);AnomalousbehaviorofBeryllium;itsdiagonalrelationship with Aluminium; Some important compounds of calcium: Preparation and uses ofCalcium Oxide; Calcium Hydroxide; Calcium Carbonate; Plaster of Paris; Cement; Biologicalimportanceof Calciumand Magnesium.

 

10)   p-BLOCKELEMENTSGROUP13(BORONFAMILY):

Generalintroduction-Electronicconfiguration,Atomicradii,Ionizationenthalpy,Electronegativity; Physical & Chemical properties; Important trends and anomalous properties of boron;Someimportantcompoundsofboron-Borax,Orthoboricacid,diborane;Usesofboron,aluminiumand their compounds.

 

11)   p-BLOCKELEMENTS-GROUP14(CARBONFAMILY):

Generalintroduction-Electronicconfiguration,Atomicradii,Ionizationenthalpy,Electronegativity;Physical&Chemicalproperties;Importanttrendsandanomalouspropertiesofcarbon; Allotropesofcarbon;Usesofcarbon;Someimportantcompoundsofcarbonandsilicon, carbonmonoxide,carbondioxide,Silica,silicones,silicates andzeolites.

 

12)   ENVIRONMENTALCHEMISTRY:

Definitionofterms: Air, WaterandSoilPollutions;EnvironmentalPollution; Atmosphericpollution;TroposphericPollution;GaseousAirPollutants(OxidesofSulphur;OxidesofNitrogen; Hydrocarbons; Oxides of Carbon (CO, CO₂). Global warming and Green house effect;Acid rain- Particulate Pollutants- Smog; Stratospheric Pollution: Formation and breakdown ofOzone- Ozone hole- effects of depletion of the Ozone Layer; Water Pollution: Causes of WaterPollution;Internationalstandardsfordrinkingwater;SoilPollution:Pesticides,IndustrialWastes;Strategiestocontrolenvironmentalpollution-wasteManagement-collectionanddisposal;GreenChemistry:Greenchemistryinday-to-daylife;Drycleaningofclothes;Bleaching of paper;Synthesisof chemicals

13)  ORGANICCHEMISTRY-SOMEBASICPRINCIPLES,TECHNIQUESANDHYDROCARBONSSOMEBASICPRINCIPLESANDTECHNIQUES

Generalintroduction;TetravalencyofCarbon:shapesoforganiccompounds;Structuralrepresentations of organic compounds; Classification of organic compounds; Nomenclature oforganic compounds; Isomerism; Fundamental concepts in organic reaction mechanisms; Fissionof covalent bond; Nucleophiles and electrophiles; Electron movements in organic reactions;Electron displacement effects in covalent bonds: inductive effect, resonance, resonance effect,electromeric effect, hyperconjugation; Types of Organic reactions; Methods of purification oforganiccompounds;Qualitativeelementalanalysisoforganiccompounds;Quantitativeelemental analysis of organiccompounds.

13. HYDROCARBONS:

ClassificationofHydrocarbons;Alkanes-Nomenclature,isomerism(structuralandconformationsof ethaneonly);Preparationof alkanes;Properties-PhysicalpropertiesandchemicalReactivity,Substitutionreactions-Halogenation(freeradicalmechanism),Combustion,ControlledOxidation,Isomerisation,Aromatization,reactionwithsteamandPyrolysis; Alkenes- Nomenclature, structure of ethene, Isomerism (structural and geometrical);Methods of preparation; Properties- Physical and chemical reactions: Addition of Hydrogen,halogen,water,sulphuricacid,Hydrogenhalides(Mechanism-ionicandperoxideeffect,Markovnikov’s,antiMarkovnikov’sorKharascheffect).Oxidation,OzonolysisandPolymerization; Alkynes – Nomenclature and isomerism, structure of acetylene. Methods ofpreparation of acetylene;Physical properties, Chemical reactions- acidic character of acetylene,additionreactions-ofHydrogen,Halogen,HydrogenhalidesandWater.Polymerization.

AROMATICHYDROCARBONS:Nomenclatureandisomerism,Structureofbenzene,Resonance and aromaticity; Preparation of benzene. Physical properties. Chemical properties:Mechanismofelectrophilicsubstitution.Electrophilicsubstitutionreactions-Nitration,Sulphonation,Halogenation,Friedel-Craftsalkylationandacylation;Directiveinfluenceoffunctional groupsinmonosubstituted benzene,Carcinogenicity and toxicity

 

14)  SOLIDSTATE:

Generalcharacteristicsofsolidstate; Amorphousand crystallinesolids; Classificationofcrystallinesolidsbasedon differentbindingforces (molecular,ionic,metallicandcovalentsolids); Probing the structure of solids: X-ray crystallography; Crystallatticesandunitcells.Bravaislatticesprimitiveand centred unit cells; Number of atoms in a unit cell(primitive,bodycentredandfacecentredcubicunit   cell); Closepacked structures: Close packing inone dimension,in two dimensions and in three dimensions- tetrahedral and octahedral voids-formula of a compoundandnumberofvoidsfilled-locatingtetrahedraland octahedralvoids; Packing efficiency in simple cubic, bcc and in hcp,ccplattice; Calculationsinvolvingunitcelldimensions-density of the unit cell; Imperfections in solids-types of point defects-stoichiometricand  non-stoichiometric  defects;Electricalproperties-conduction  ofelectricityinmetals, semiconductorsandinsulators- bandtheoryofmetals; Magneticproperties.

15)   SOLUTIONS:

Types of solutions; Expressing concentration of solutions – mass percentage, volume percentage,mass by volume percentage, partspermillion,molefraction,molarityandmolality;Solubility: Solubility of a solid in a liquid, solubility of a gas in a liquid, Henry’s law; Vapourpressure of liquid solutions: vapour pressure of liquid- liquid solutions. Raoult’s law   as aspecial case of Henry’s law -vapour pressure of solutions of solids in liquids; Idealandnon-idealsolutions.

COLLIGATIVEPROPERTIES:Colligativepropertiesand determination of molar mass-relative lowering of vapour pressure-elevation of boiling point-depression of freezing point-osmosis and osmoticpressure-reverseosmosisandwaterpurification; Abnormal molarmasses-van’tHofffactor.

 

16)  ELECTROCHEMISTRYANDCHEMICALKINETICS:

ELECTROCHEMISTRY: Electrochemicalcells; Galvaniccells: measurementof electrodepotentials; Nernst equation-equilibrium constant from Nernst equation-electrochemical cell andGibbs energy of the cell reaction; Conductance of electrolytic solutions- measurement of theconductivityofionicsolutions-variationofconductivityandmolarconductivitywithconcentration-strongelectrolytesandweakelectrolytes-applicationsofKohlrausch’slaw;Electrolytic cellsandelectrolysis:Faraday’slawsofelectrolysis-productsof electrolysis;Batteries:primarybatteriesandsecondary batteries; Fuelcells; Corrosionofmetals-Hydrogeneconomy.

CHEMICALKINETICS:Rateofachemicalreaction;Factorsinfluencingrateofareaction:dependenceofrateonconcentration-rateexpressionandrateconstant-orderofareaction,molecularityofareaction;Integrated     rate   equations-zero                                                             order  reactions-first      orderreactions-halflifeofareaction;Pseudofirstorder   reaction;Temperaturedependenceoftherateofareaction -effect of catalyst;Collisiontheory ofchemicalreactionrates.

 

• SURFACE CHEMISTRY: Adsorptionandabsorption:Distinctionbetweenadsorptionand absorption-mechanismof adsorption-types ofadsorption-characteristics of physisorption-characteristicsofchemisorptions-adsorptionisotherms-adsorptionfromsolutionphase-applicationsofadsorption;Catalysis:Catalysts,promotersandpoisons-autocatalysis-homogeneousandheterogeneouscatalysis-adsorptiontheoryofheterogeneouscatalysis-importantfeaturesofsolidcatalysts:(a)activity(b)selectivity-shape-selectivecatalysisbyzeolites-enzymecatalysis-characteristicsandmechanism-catalystsinindustry;Colloids;Classificationofcolloids:Classificationbasedonphysicalstateofdispersedphaseanddispersion medium- classification based on nature of interaction between dispersed phase anddispersionmedium-classificationbasedontypeofparticlesofthedispersedphase-multimolecular, macromolecular and associated colloids- cleansingactionofsoaps-preparationofcolloids-purificationofcolloidalsolutions-propertiesofcolloidalsolutions: Tyndaleffect,colour, Brownian movement-charge on colloidal particles, electrophoresis; Emulsions; ColloidsAroundus- applicationof colloids.

 

• GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF METALLURGY: Occurrence of metals; Concentration ofores-levigation, magneticseparation, froth floatation, leaching;Extractionofcrude metalfrom concentrated ore-conversion to oxide, reductionofoxidetothemetal; Thermodynamicprinciples of metallurgy – Ellingham diagram-limitations-applications-extraction of aluminium,iron, copper and    zinc from their oxides; Electrochemical principles of metallurgy; Oxidationand reduction; Refining of crude metal-distillation, liquation poling, electrolysis, zonerefiningandvapourphaserefining;Uses ofaluminium, copper,zinc and iron.

 

19)  p-BLOCKELEMENTS:

GROUP-15ELEMENTS:Occurrence-electronicconfiguration,atomicandionicradii,ionisationenthalpy,electronegativity,physicalandchemicalproperties;Dinitrogen-preparation, properties and uses; Compounds of nitrogen-preparation and properties of ammonia;Oxides of nitrogen; Preparation and properties of nitric acid;Phosphorous-allotropicforms;Phosphine-preparationandproperties;Phosphoroushalides;Oxoacidsof phosphorous

 

GROUP-16ELEMENTS:Occurrence-electronicconfiguration,atomicandionicradii,ionisationenthalpy,electrongainenthalpy,electronegativity,physicalandchemicalproperties;Dioxygen-preparation,propertiesanduses; Simpleoxides; Ozone-preparation,properties,structureanduses; Sulphur-allotropicforms; Sulphurdioxide-preparation,propertiesanduses; Oxoacidsofsulphur; Sulphuric acid-industrial process of manufacture,propertiesand uses.

 

GROUP-17ELEMENTS:Occurrence,electronicconfiguration,atomicandionicradii,ionisationenthalpy,electrongainenthalpy,electronegativity,physicalandchemicalproperties;Chlorine-preparation,propertiesanduses;Hydrogenchloride-preparation,propertiesand uses;Oxoacidsofhalogens;Interhalogencompounds.

 

GROUP-18 ELEMENTS : Occurrence,   electronic   configuration,   ionization enthalpy,atomicradii,electrongainenthalpy,physicaland chemicalproperties(a)Xenon-fluorinecompounds- XeF₂,XeF₄ andXeF₆ -preparation, hydrolysisandformationoffluoro anions-structuresofXeF₂,XeF₄andXeF₆ (b)Xenon-oxygen compounds XeO₃ and XeOF₄ – theirformation and structures

 

20)  dANDfBLOCKELEMENTS&COORDINATIONCOMPOUNDS:

d AND f BLOCK ELEMENTS :Position in the periodic table; Electronic configuration of the d-block elements; General properties of the transition elements (d-block) -physical properties,variation in atomic and ionic sizes oftransition series,ionisation enthalpies, oxidation states,trendsintheM²+/MandM³+/M²+standardelectrode potentials, trends in stability of higheroxidation states, chemical reactivityandE^θvalues,magneticproperties,formationofcolouredions,  formation  of  complex compounds, catalytic properties, formation ofinterstitial compounds, alloy formation; Some important compounds of transitionelements-oxidesandoxoanionsofmetals-preparationandpropertiesofpotassiumdichromateandpotassium permanganate-structures of chromate, dichromate, manganate and permanganate ions;Inner transition elements(f-block)-lanthanoids- electronic configuration-atomic and ionic sizes-oxidationstates- general characteristics;Actinoids-electronic configuration atomic and ionicsizes,oxidationstates,generalcharacteristicsandcomparisonwithlanthanoids;Someapplicationsof d and f blockelements.

COORDINATION COMPOUNDS: Werner’s theory of coordination compounds; Definitions ofsometermsusedincoordinationcompounds; Nomenclature of coordination compounds-IUPAC nomenclature; Isomerism in coordination compounds- (a)Stereo isomerism-Geometricalandopticalisomerism (b)Structuralisomerism-linkage,coordination,ionisationandhydrateisomerism; Bonding in coordination compounds.(a)Valence bond theory – magneticpropertiesofcoordinationcompounds-limitationsofvalencebondtheory(b)Crystalfieldtheory

Crystal field splittingin octahedral and tetrahedral coordination entities (ii) Colour incoordinationcompounds-limitationsofcrystalfieldtheory;Bondinginmetalcarbonyls;Stabilityofcoordinationcompounds;Importanceandapplicationsofcoordinationcompounds.

 

• POLYMERS: Introduction; Classification ofPolymers  -Classification  based    onsource, structure, mode of polymerization, molecular forces andgrowth polymerization; Typesof polymerization reactions-additionpolymerizationorchaingrowthpolymerization-ionicpolymerization, freeradicalmechanism-preparationof   addition polymers-polythene, teflonandpolyacrylonitrile-condensation polymerizationorstepgrowthpolymerization-polyamides-preparationofNylon 6,6andNylon 6, -polyesters-terylene, bakelite, melamine-formaldehydepolymers; copolymerization, Rubber-natural rubber-vulcanisation of rubber-Synthetic rubbers-preparationofneopreneandbuna-N; Molecularmassofpolymers-numberaverageandweightaveragemolecular masses- poly dispersity index(PDI); Biodegradablepolymers-PHBV,Nylon2Nylon6;Polymersofcommercialimportance-polypropene,polystyrene, polyvinylchloride (PVC),urea-formaldehyde resin, Glyptal and Bakelite – theirmonomers,structures anduses.

 

• BIOMOLECULES: Carbohydrates –           Classification           of           carbohydrates-Monosaccharides:preparationof glucosefromsucroseand starch- Properties and structure ofglucose- D,L and(+),(-) configurations of glucose- Structure offructose;Disaccharides:Sucrose-preparation,structure;Invertsugar-Structuresofmaltoseandlactose-Polysaccharides:Structuresofstarch,celluloseand  glycogen-Importance  ofcarbohydrates; Aminoacids:Naturalaminoacids-classificationofaminoacids – structures andD and L forms-Zwitterions;Proteins: Structures, classification, fibrous and globular- primary,secondary,tertiaryandquarternarystructuresofproteins-Denaturationofproteins;Enzymes:Enzymes,mechanismofenzymeaction;Vitamins:Explanation,names,classification of vitamins – sources ofvitamins-deficiencydiseasesofdifferenttypesofvitamins; Nucleicacids: chemical composition of nucleic acids, structuresofnucleicacids,DNAfingerprinting, biological functionsofnucleicacids; Hormones: Definition, differenttypesofhormones,theirproduction,biologicalactivity,diseasesduetotheirabnormalactivities.

 

• CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE: Drugs and their classification: (a) Classification ofdrugs on the basis of pharmocologicaleffect (b) Classification of drugs on the basis of drugaction (c) Classification of drugs on the basis of chemicalstructure(d)Classificationofdrugsonthebasisofmoleculartargets;Drug-Targetinteraction-Enzymesasdrugtargets

Catalyticactionofenzymes(b)Drug-enzymeinteraction,receptorsasdrugtargets;Therapeutic action of different classes of drugs: antacids, antihistamines, neurologically activedrugs:tranquilizers,analgesics-non-narcotic,narcoticanalgesics,antimicrobials-antibiotics,antiseptics anddisinfectants- anti fertilitydrugs; Chemicalsinfood-artificial sweeteningagents,foodpreservatives,antioxidantsinfood;Cleansingagents-soapsandsyntheticdetergents -types andexamples.

• HALOALKANES ANDHALOARENES:Classificationandnomenclature;NatureofC-X bond; Methodsofpreparation:Alkylhalidesandarylhalides-from alcohols, fromhydrocarbons(a)byfreeradicalhalogenation(b)byelectrophilicsubstitution(c)byreplacement of diazoniumgroup (Sandmeyer reaction)   (d) by the addition of hydrogenhalidesandhalogenstoalkenes-byhalogen exchange(Finkelstein reaction); Physicalproperties-melting and boiling points, density and solubility; Chemical reactions: Reactions ofhaloalkanes(i)Nucleophilicsubstitutionreactions(a)SN²mechanism(b)SN¹  mechanism

(c)    stereochemical     aspects    of   nucleophilic     substitution    reactions-optical    activity

Eliminationreactions(iii)Reactionwithmetals-Reactionsofhaloarenes:

Nucleophilicsubstitution                       (ii)Electrophilicsubstitutionand(iii)Reactionwithmetals; Polyhalogen compounds:Usesandenvironmentaleffectsofdichloro methane,trichloromethane,triiodomethane, tetrachloromethane,freonsandDDT.

 

25)         ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING C, H AND O (Alcohols,Phenols,Ethers,Aldehydes,Ketones and Carboxylicacids):

ALCOHOLS,PHENOLSANDETHERS:Alcohols,phenols                andethers-classification;Nomenclature: (a)Alcohols, (b)phenolsand (c)ethers; Structuresofhydroxyandetherfunctionalgroups; Methodsofpreparation: Alcohols from alkenes and carbonyl compounds(reduction and reaction with Grignard reagents); Phenols from haloarenes, benzene sulphonicacid, diazonium salts, cumene; Physical propertics of alcohols and phenols;Chemicalreactionsofalcoholsandphenols (i) Reactions involving cleavage of O-H bond-Acidity of alcohols andphenols, esterification(ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C-O bond-reactions   with   HX,PX₃,  dehydration  and  oxidation                     (iii)Reactionsofphenols-electrophilicaromaticsubstitution, Kolbe’s reaction,Reimer – Tiemann reaction,reactionwith zincdust, oxidation;Commercially important alcohols (methanol,ethanol); Ethers-Methodsofpreparation:Bydehydrationofalcohols,Williamsonsynthesis-Physical properties-Chemicalreactions:CleavageofC-Obondandelectrophilicsubstitution of aromatic ethers.

ALDEHYDES AND KETONES: Nomenclatureandstructureofcarbonyl  group;Preparation of aldehydes andketones-(1) by oxidation of alcohols (2)bydehydrogenationofalcohols (3)from hydrocarbons -Preparation of aldehydes (1) from acyl chlorides (2) fromnitriles and esters(3) from hydrocarbons-Preparation ofketones(1) from acyl chlorides (2)fromnitriles (3)from benzene or substituted benzenes;Physical properties of aldehydes and ketones;Chemicalreactionsofaldehydesandketones-nucleophilicaddition,reduction,oxidation,reactionsduetoalphahydrogenandotherreactions(Cannizzaroreaction,electrophilicsubstitutionreaction);Uses of aldehydesand ketones.

CARBOXYLICACIDS:Nomenclatureandstructureofcarboxylgroup;Methodsofpreparationofcarboxylicacids(1)fromprimaryalcoholsandaldehydes(2)fromalkylbenzenes(3)fromnitrilesand amides (4)from Grignard reagents (5) from acyl halides andanhydrides (6)fromesters; Physicalproperties; Chemical reactions: (i) Reactions involvingcleavageofO-Hbond-acidity,reactionswithmetalsandalkalies(ii)ReactionsinvolvingcleavageofC-OHbond-formationofanhydride,reactionswithPCl₅,PCl₃,SOCl₂,esterification and reaction with ammonia (iii)Reactionsinvolving-COOHgroup-reduction,decarboxylation(iv)Substitutionreactionsinthehydrocarbon part -halogenationandringsubstitution; Uses  of carboxylicacids.

26)   ORGANICCOMPOUNDSCONTAININGNITROGEN:

AMINES: Structure of amines; Classification; Nomenclature; Preparationofamines: reductionofnitrocompounds, ammonolysis of alkyl halides, reduction of nitriles, reduction of amides,GabrielphthalimidesynthesisandHoffmannbromamidedegradationreaction;Physicalproperties; Chemical reactions: basic character of amines, alkylation, acylation, carbyl aminereaction,reactionwithnitrousacid,reactionwitharyl sulphonyl chloride, electrophilicsubstitutionof aromaticamines-bromination,nitration and sulphonation.

DIAZONIUM SALTS: Methods of preparation of diazonium salts (by diazotization) Physicalproperties;Chemicalreactions:ReactionsinvolvingdisplacementofNitrogen;Sandmeyerreaction,Gattermanreaction,replacementbyi)iodiodeandfluoride ions                                                                                                                         ii)hydrogen,hydroxyl and Nitro groups; reactions involving retention of diazo group; coupling reactions;Importance of diazoniumsaltsinsynthesis ofaromaticcompounds.

CYANIDES AND ISOCYANIDES: Structure and nomenclature of cyanides and isocyanides;Preparation,physicalproperties andchemicalreactions ofcyanidesand isocyanides.